Foreword
Ⅰ. The Question of Empire: What are Not Empires?
Ⅱ. What are the Characteristics of Empires?
　1. Different Peoples Ruled Differently
　2. Notions of Superiority
　3. Frontiers, not Borders
　4. King of Kings
　5. Hierarchical International Order
Ⅲ. Early Koguryo’s Growth into Empire
　1. The Issue of Time Sovereignty
　2. Koguryo’s Early Expansion
　3. The Augustan Threshold
　4. Consolidation of Monarchical Power
Ⅳ. Crossing the Imperial Threshold
　1. Conquests Prior to Gwanggaeto
　2. Gwanggaeto’s Conquests
　3. Post-conquest Maintenance and Imperial Ideology
Ⅴ. Consolidation and Southern Independence
　1. Imperial Reorganization
　2. Northern and Southern Policies
Ⅵ. Costs of the Koguryo Empire
Ⅶ. Conclusion