From Shanghai to Globocourt：An Analysis of the ‘Comfort Women’s’ Defeat in Hwang v Japan
Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol35 Issue 1
ABSTRACT
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION：A PICTURE SPEAKS A THOUSAND WORDS
Ⅱ. “UNHAPPY EVENTS”
A. Historical Background
B. Prewar：Japanese Treaties and Customary International Law
C. Japanese Post－War Treaties
D. The “Comfort Women” in Japanese Courts
Ⅲ. GERMAN RESPONSIBILITY AND JAPANESE DENIAL
A. The German Response to the Holocaust
B. The U.S. Approach Towards Japanese Slave Labor Claims
Ⅳ. HOPE AND HEARTBREAK：DOMESTIC LEGAL DOCTRINES AND PRE－DECISION DISPOSITION
A. Applicable Legal Doctrines
1. The Cause of Action：The Alien Tort Claims Act.
2. The Japanese Defense：The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act.
B. The Motion for Declaratory Judgment
C. Procedural Developments
Ⅴ. ANALYSIS OF HWANG v. JAPAN
A. No Decision on the Retroactive Application of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
B. The Exceptions to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Are Not Implicated
1. Explicit Waiver
2. Implied Waiver
3. Commercial Activity
4. The Case Raises Non－Justiciable Political Questions
Ⅵ. DISCUSSION：“COMFORT WOMEN” AND GLOBOCOURT
A. The Big Picture：Using Courts to Achieve Political Results
B. The U.S. Approach in Hwang v. Japan in consistent with Past Practice
C. “Plaintiff’s Diplomacy”
D. Globocourt?
Ⅶ. CONCLUSION
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION：A PICTURE SPEAKS A THOUSAND WORDS
Ⅱ. “UNHAPPY EVENTS”
A. Historical Background
B. Prewar：Japanese Treaties and Customary International Law
C. Japanese Post－War Treaties
D. The “Comfort Women” in Japanese Courts
Ⅲ. GERMAN RESPONSIBILITY AND JAPANESE DENIAL
A. The German Response to the Holocaust
B. The U.S. Approach Towards Japanese Slave Labor Claims
Ⅳ. HOPE AND HEARTBREAK：DOMESTIC LEGAL DOCTRINES AND PRE－DECISION DISPOSITION
A. Applicable Legal Doctrines
1. The Cause of Action：The Alien Tort Claims Act.
2. The Japanese Defense：The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act.
B. The Motion for Declaratory Judgment
C. Procedural Developments
Ⅴ. ANALYSIS OF HWANG v. JAPAN
A. No Decision on the Retroactive Application of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act
B. The Exceptions to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Are Not Implicated
1. Explicit Waiver
2. Implied Waiver
3. Commercial Activity
4. The Case Raises Non－Justiciable Political Questions
Ⅵ. DISCUSSION：“COMFORT WOMEN” AND GLOBOCOURT
A. The Big Picture：Using Courts to Achieve Political Results
B. The U.S. Approach in Hwang v. Japan in consistent with Past Practice
C. “Plaintiff’s Diplomacy”
D. Globocourt?
Ⅶ. CONCLUSION
